Rules of siRNA design for RNA interference

互联网2008-06-18

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General Guidelines

siRNA targeted sequence is usually 21 nt in length.
Avoid regions within 50-100 bp of the start codon and the termination codon
Avoid intron regions
Avoid stretches of 4 or more bases such as AAAA, CCCC
Avoid regions with GC content <30% or > 60%.
Avoid repeats and low complex sequence
Avoid single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites
Perform BLAST homology search to avoid off-target effects on other genes or sequences
Always design negative controls by scrambling targeted siRNA sequence. The control RNA should have the same length and nucleotide composition as the siRNA but have at least 4-5 bases mismatched to the siRNA. Make sure the scrambling will not create new homology to other genes.

Tom Tuschl's rules

Select targeted region from a given cDNA sequence beginning 50-100 nt downstream of start condon
First search for 23-nt sequence motif AA(N₁₉ ). If no suitable sequence is found, then,
Search for 23-nt sequence motif NA(N₂₁ ) and convert the 3' end of the sense siRNA to TT
Or search for NAR(N₁₇ )YNN
Target sequence should have a GC content of around 50%

A = Adenine; T = Thymine; R = Adenine or Guanine (Purines); Y = Thymine or Cytosine (Pyrimidines); N = Any.

Rational siRNA design

By experimentally analyzing the silencing efficiency of 180 siRNAs targeting the mRNA of two genes and correlating it with various sequence features of individual siRNAs, Reynolds et al at Dharmacon, Inc identified eight characteristics associated with siRNA functionality. These characteristics are used by rational siRNA design algorithm to evaluate potential targeted sequences and assign scores to them. Sequences with higher scores will have higher chance of success in RNAi. The table below lists the 8 criteria and the methods of score assignment.

<center> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Criteria </td> <td> Description </td> <td> Score </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Yes </td> <td> No </td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td> Moderate to low (30%-52%) GC Content </td> <td> 1 point </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td> At least 3 A/Us at positions 15-19 (sense) </td> <td> 1 point /per A or U </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td> Lack of internal repeats (Tundefined<20¡ãC) </td> <td> 1 point </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td> A at position 19 (sense) </td> <td> 1 point </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td> A at position 3 (sense) </td> <td> 1 point </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td> U at position 10 (sense) </td> <td> 1 point </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td> No G/C at position 19 (sense) </td> <td> </td> <td> -1 point </td> </tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td> No G at position 13 (sense) </td> <td> </td> <td> -1 point </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center>

A sum score of 6 defines the cutoff for selecting siRNAs. All siRNAs scoring higher than 6 are acceptable candidates.
10 ([Na⁺ ] ) + (58.4 * GC%/100) + (11.8 * (GC%/100)² ) - (820/Length)

For example, the Tm can be calculated as follows for the siRNA UUCUCCAGCUUCUAAAAUA

Tm = 79.8 + 18.undefinedlog₁₀ (0.05) + (58.4 * 31.6/100) + (11.8 * (31.6/100)² ) - (820/19)

Tm = 32.19

There are two siRNA design tools which implement this siRNA design algorithm: one is offered by Dharmacon, Inc; the other is a downloadable Excel template, written by Maurice Ho at http://boz094.ust.hk/RNAi/siRNA.

References

Elbashir SM et al. (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 411:494-498.
Elbahir SM et al. (2001). Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J. 20:6877-6888.
Elbashir SM et al. (2002). Analysis of gene function in somatic mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs. Methods. 26:199-213.
Reynolds A, Leake D, Boese Q, Scaringe S, Marshall WS, Khvorova A. Rational siRNA design for RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Mar;22(3):326-30.
http://www.basic.northwestern.edu/biotools/oligocalc.html
http://boz094.ust.hk/RNAi/siRNA