Overview of Formation of G‐Quadruplex Structures
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- Abstract
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Abstract
There are many structures that can be adopted by nucleic acids other than the Watson?Crick duplex. In particular, a noncanonical four?stranded topology, called a G?quadruplex, is of great interest because of its roles in key biological processes such as the maintenance of telomeres and regulation of gene transcription. This review describes the condition for forming the G?quadruplex structure, G?quadruplex?forming sequences, and methods for studying the structures. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 40:17.2.1?17.2.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: DNA structure; quadruplex?forming sequences; methods; conditions
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryTable of Contents
- Introduction
- Conditions for Forming the G‐Quadruplex Structure
- Methods for Studying G‐Quadruplex Structures
- G‐Quadruplex‐Forming Sequences
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- Acknowledgements
- Literature Cited
- Figures
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Figure 17.2.1 (A ) Formation of a G‐tetrad. (B ) Anti (left) and syn (right) guanine conformations. (C ) Orientations of G‐strands. (i) All strands in the same direction. (ii) Three strands in one direction, and the fourth in the opposite direction. (iii) Two neighboring strands oriented in one direction, and the other two in the opposite direction. (iv) Each strand antiparallel to adjacent neighbors. Blue and red boxes represent guanine bases in the anti and syn conformations, respectively. (D ) Three kinds of loops connect the G‐tetrad. View Image -
Figure 17.2.2 Various types of modifications studied in on quadruplex formation. Chemical formulas of (A ) 6‐Methylguanine, (B ) Inosine, (C ) 6‐Thioguanine, (D ) 8‐Aminoguanine, (E ) 8‐Methylguanine, (F ) 8‐Bromoguanine, and (G ) 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxoguanine. Schematic representations of the G‐quadruplex structures containing a (H ) 3′‐3′ or (I ) 5′‐5′ inversion of polarity in d(TGGGGT) and (J ) bunch‐[d(TG4 T)]4 . Conformations of (K ) DNA, (L ) RNA, and (M ) LNA. View Image -
Figure 17.2.3 Folding topology of the human telomeric G‐quadruplex formed by (A ) d[AG3 (T2 AG3 )3 ] in Na+ solution, (B ) d[AG3 (T2 AG3 )3 ] in K+ crystal structure, (C ) d[TAG3 (T2 AG3 )3 ] in K+ solution, (D ) d[TA G3 (T2 AG3 )3 TT] in K+ solution and (E ) d[G3 (T2 AG3 )3 T] in K+ solution. Folding topology of the unimolecular G‐quadruplex structures of (F ) d(TGAGGGTGGGTAGGGTGGGTAA) in the c‐Myc promoter sequence, (G ) d(AGGGAGGGCGCTGGGAGGAGGG) in the c‐kit promoter sequence and (H ) d(GGGCGCGGGAGGAATTGGGCGGG) in the Bcl‐2 promoter sequence. View Image
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