Learned Helplessness in Mice
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Exposure to inescapable shock provokes behavioral disturbances in subsequent shock-escape tests, as well as in other behavioral
paradigms, including those that reflect anhedonia. The interference induced by inescapable shock using a yoked (triadic) paradigm
has frequently been referred to as a “learned helplessness” paradigm. The interference effect, although attributed to cognitive
factors by several investigators, has also been explained on the basis of neurochemical changes induced by the uncontrollable
stressor. In the present report, we briefly describe the various theoretical positions concerning the interference effect
induced by inescapable hock, describe procedures that can be used to investigate this phenomenon in mice, and provide caveats
that might be considered in conducting these experiments.