Chemical Transformation of E. coli

Transformation is defined as the transfer of genetic information into a recipient bacterium using naked DNA, without any requirement for contact with a donor bacterium. The ability to transform or accept exogenous DNA is generally referred to as competence, although the term has been so widely used in different systems that it is difficult to generate an all-inclusive definition for competence. Natural competence occurs in a defined subset of bacterial species that have the capacity to take up linear, and sometimes circular, DNA, usually dependent on a specific uptake system. As natural competence is restricted to a subset of bacteria, methods for the chemical induction of a competent state in otherwise nontransformable bacteria are an important tool in bacterial genetics. For these species, competence refers to the ability to take up and propagate plasmid DNA, usually with no sequence specificity for uptake.