Heart Rate and Electrocardiography Monitoring in Mice
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Abstract
The majority of current cardiovascular research involves studies in genetically engineered mouse models. The measurement of heart rate is central to understanding cardiovascular control under normal conditions, with altered autonomic tone and with superimposed stress, or in disease states, both in wild?type mice and in those with altered genes. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the ?gold standard,? using either hard?wired or telemetry transmission. In addition, heart rate is measured or monitored from the frequency of the arterial pressure pulse or cardiac contraction, or by pulse oximetry. For each of these techniques, discussions of materials and methods, as well as advantages and limitations, are covered. However, direct ECG monitoring alone will determine not only the precise heart rates but also whether the cardiac rhythm is normal or not. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:123?139. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: heart?rate monitoring; mice; electrocardiography ECG
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryTable of Contents
- Introduction
- Basic Protocol 1: Noninvasive ECG System
- Basic Protocol 2: Tethered ECG System
- Basic Protocol 3: Implanted ECG Telemetry System
- Basic Protocol 4: Pulse Oximetry
- Commentary
- Literature Cited
- Figures
- Tables
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryMaterials
Basic Protocol 1: Noninvasive ECG System
Materials
Basic Protocol 2: Tethered ECG System
Materials
Basic Protocol 3: Implanted ECG Telemetry System
Materials
Basic Protocol 4: Pulse Oximetry
Materials
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Figure 1. Calculation of heart rate (HR) (panels C and D ) by counting the number of aortic pressure waves (AOP) (panels A and B ) in a sedated mouse. The arrows represent the injections of phenylephrine (PE) to increase pressure and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to decrease pressure. The arterial baroreceptor reflex reduces heart rate with pressure elevation and decreases heart rate when pressure falls. View Image -
Figure 2. Sample of telemetry ECG simultaneous recording of three mice. A typical mouse ECG contains a P wave, followed by the QRS complex and the T wave. The distance between two consecutive R waves is termed RR interval and represents the time it takes for one beat, and the PR interval represents the time for electrical conduction from the atria to the ventricle. The plus (+) on the ECG represents the computer‐identified R wave. View Image -
Figure 3. An illustration of tethered ECG insertion and recording of mouse heart rate. The ECG leads are labeled and subcutaneously tunneled onto the back of the mouse in positions of the four limbs. Mice are housed individually during the recording process with the leads connected to the tether system for data acquisition. View Image -
Figure 4. Circadian variation of heart rate in transgenic mice with cardiac specific overexpression of Gsα (TG) and wild‐type mice. Heart rates were obtained from ECGs recorded using a telemetric system in conscious unrestrained mice. The inset shows the difference in heart rate variability over a 1‐hr period in one TG and one wild‐type control mouse. Figure and legend used and modified with permission (Uechi et al., ). View Image -
Figure 5. An illustration of the telemetry unit with the anchoring sutures in place. In general two to three anchoring sutures are used to fix the telemetry unit to the chest wall of the mice. View Image -
Figure 6. Sample of ECG recording using a telemetric system for a free‐ranging transgenic mouse overexpressing Gsα (top) and a wild‐type control mouse (bottom). The telemetric implant is shown in the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The recorded heart rates were higher in the transgenic mice. The darker lines at the right of the ECG tracing shown are the compressed ECG tracing printed at a slow paper speed. Figure and legend used and modified with permission (Uechi et al., ). View Image
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Literature Cited
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