Assessment of Spontaneous Locomotor and Running Activity in Mice
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Abstract
The locomotor activity of laboratory mice is a global behavioral trait which can be valuable for the primary phenotyping of genetically engineered mouse models as well as mouse models of pathologies affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems, the musculoskeletal system, and the control of energy homeostasis. Basal levels of mouse locomotion can be recorded using infrared monitoring of movements, and further information can be gathered by giving the animal access to a running wheel, which will greatly enhance its spontaneous physical activity. Described here are two detailed protocols to evaluate basal locomotor activity and spontaneous wheel running. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:185?198. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: activity; locomotion; wheel running; training
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryTable of Contents
- Introduction
- Basic Protocol 1: Assessment of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity Using Infrared Detection
- Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of Spontaneous Running Activity in Wheels
- Commentary
- Literature Cited
- Figures
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Basic Protocol 1: Assessment of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity Using Infrared Detection
Materials
Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of Spontaneous Running Activity in Wheels
Materials
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Figure 1. Schematic representation of an infrared‐based activity monitoring cage. View Image -
Figure 2. Example of systems for locomotor activity measurements in home cages (A ) and in metabolic cages (B ). The home‐cage monitoring system (supplied by TSE) monitors horizontal activity in both directions ( x and y ) as well as vertical activity ( z ), whereas the metabolic cages (CLAMS, Columbus Instruments) measure vertical activity and horizontal activity in only one direction ( x ). Both systems integrate different technologies to measure feeding and drinking behavior in real time. Note that the overall design of the home cage system (bedding, feeding/drinking systems) is closer to usual mouse housing cages, but metabolic cages also allow measuring indirect calorimetry and collecting urine and feces. View Image -
Figure 3. Example of cages used to record spontaneous wheel running. (A ) A system from Lafayette Instruments, and (B ), a system from Tecniplast/Bioseb. Both systems integrate computer‐controlled recording of the number of wheel revolutions. View Image -
Figure 4. The levels of locomotor activity in the three dimensions are correlated. The locomotor activity of wild‐type mice on different genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6J and DBA2/J ) and under different dietary challenges (chow diet and high‐fat diet for 12 weeks) was measured over 24 hr using home‐cage monitoring on the TSE setup described in Fig. 2A, with a 12 hr:12 hr dark:light period. The total beam breaks and distance covered during the light and dark phases were determined, and horizontal activity in the two dimensions was compared (A ), and correlated to the distance traveled (B ), and to vertical locomotor activity (C ). View Image -
Figure 5. Horizontal and vertical locomotor activity of unchallenged or obese wild‐type mice in home cages. The locomotor activity of wild‐type male C57BL/6J mice fed chow diet (CD) or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks ( n = 4/group) was measured over 24 hr using home‐cage monitoring on the TSE setup described in Fig. 2A, with a 12 hr:12 hr dark:light period. Panels A and C represent the circadian activity counts with integration of the data over 1‐hr periods, while panels B and D represent the same data integrated over the 12 hr of the light and dark phases, or over 24 hr (total). Data are represented as mean ± SEM and * represents a statistical significant difference ( p < 0.05) using a 1‐way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni test. View Image -
Figure 6. Horizontal and vertical locomotor activity of unchallenged or obese wild‐type mice in metabolic cages. The locomotor activity of wild‐type male C57BL/6J mice described in Figure 5 was measured over 24 hr using metabolic monitoring on the Columbus Instruments CLAMS setup described in Fig. 2B, after a 24‐hr familiarization to the new cage environment. Activity counts were integrated over 1‐hr intervals (A ‐C ), while feeding and drinking behavior was integrated over 2‐hr periods (D ). Data are represented as mean ± SEM and * represents a statistical significant difference ( p < 0.05) using a 1‐way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni test. View Image -
Figure 7. The locomotor activity measured in home cages and metabolic cages is correlated. Results from Figures and were integrated over the 12 hr of the (A ) light and (B ) dark phases, and Xtot counts measured in metabolic cages was plotted against x + y counts measured in home cages. View Image -
Figure 8. Profiles of spontaneous wheel running over 24 hr (A ) and 2 weeks (B ). 10 wild‐type male C57BL/6J mice of 12 weeks of age were housed in cages with free access to a running wheel as described in Fig. 3A. Panel A represents a typical circadian wheel running pattern while panel B represents the average distance covered daily over 2 weeks. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. View Image -
Figure 9. A training period consisting of 2 weeks of wheel running enhances exercise performance in a treadmill test. At the end of the 2‐week wheel‐running period, trained mice from Figure 8 were compared to sedentary matched controls that had been housed in similar cages without access to a wheel, using endurance (long moderate‐intensity) tests (A ) and power (short high‐intensity) treadmill performance tests (B ) as described in Marcaletti et al. (). Data are represented as mean ± SEM and * represents a statistical significant difference ( p < 0.05) using a 1‐way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni test. View Image
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