Assessment of Circadian and Light‐Entrainable Parameters in Mice Using Wheel‐Running Activity
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- Abstract
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Abstract
In most organisms, physiological variables are regulated by an internal clock. This endogenous circadian (?24?hr) clock enables organisms to anticipate daily environmental changes and modify behavioral and physiological functions appropriately. Processes regulated by the circadian clock include sleep?wake and locomotor activity, core body temperature, metabolism, water/food intake, and available hormone levels. At the core of the mammalian circadian system are molecular oscillations within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. These oscillations are modifiable by signals from the environment (so called zeitgebers or time?givers) and, once integrated within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, are conveyed to remote neural circuits where output rhythms are regulated. Disrupting any of a number of neural processes can affect how rhythms are generated and relayed to the periphery and disturbances in circadian/entrainment parameters are associated with numerous human conditions. These non?invasive protocols can be used to determine whether circadian/entrainment parameters are affected in mouse mutants or treatment groups. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:369?381 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: circadian; light entrainment; period; phase; amplitude; constant conditions
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryTable of Contents
- Introduction
- Strategic Planning
- Basic Protocol 1: Circadian Activity in Light/Dark Cycles and Constant Conditions
- Support Protocol 1: Masking and Phase Shifting
- Support Protocol 2: T‐Cycles and Reentrainment
- Commentary
- Literature Cited
- Figures
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Basic Protocol 1: Circadian Activity in Light/Dark Cycles and Constant Conditions
Materials
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Figure 1. Typical set‐up for recording wheel‐running activity in mice showing light‐controlled circadian chambers and wheel running cages. (A ) A full circadian chamber, open to reveal wheel running cages. (B ) Close up of wheel running cages within the circadian chamber. (C ) Singly housed mouse within a wheel running cage. View Image -
Figure 2. Actograms. (A ) Standard actogram, showing wheel running activity over 2 days in a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle followed by 2 days in constant darkness. Each day's data is presented beneath that of the previous day. Each horizontal line represents 24 hr of activity and activity is represented by vertical bars. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. (B ) Double‐plotted actogram of the same data shown in A. Each horizontal line represents 48 hr of activity and each day's data is presented both beneath and to the right of the previous day. View Image -
Figure 3. Data generated using the . (A ) Actogram showing mouse wheel running data using the conditions outlined in the . Actograms are shaded where lights are off. Note the activity relative to lights‐off in the first part of the protocol, the period shortening in constant darkness and period lengthening in constant light. (B ) Graph showing average wheel running counts in the different lighting conditions of the . (C ) Actogram showing splitting in the constant light phase of the screen. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. View Image -
Figure 4. Data generated from . (A ) Actogram showing responses to light and dark pulses. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. Note the acute suppression of wheel‐running activity by light (masking). Light pulses can also result in sustained effects on the phase of activity. In this example, the mouse shows a delayed phase of activity for 6 days after the light pulse. (B ) Actogram showing the phase delay in the onset of activity in constant darkness following a 15‐min light pulse applied at CT16 (light pulse is indicated by an * on the actogram). (C ) Actogram showing phase advance in the onset of activity in constant darkness following a 15‐min light pulse applied at CT23 (light pulse is indicated by an * on the actogram). (D ) Representation of a phase response curve. Note the time window during subjective day (CT02‐CT12) where activity phase is not affected by light pulses. View Image -
Figure 5. Data generated from . (A ) Actogram showing activity during a 12:12 followed by an 11:11 hr light/dark T‐cycle. Actogram is double‐plotted on a 24‐hr cycle. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. (B ) Actogram plotted using the same data as for A above, but the actogram is double plotted on a 22‐hr cycle. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. (C ) Actogram showing re‐entrainment following 6 hr advance and delay shifts in the light/dark cycle. Actograms are shaded where lights are off. View Image
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Literature Cited
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