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Methods for the Analysis of Phosphoinositides and Inositol Phosphates

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There is now compelling evidence that stimulation of inosito1 phospholipid metabolism via phosphoinositidase C (MC) is the signal transduction pathway for a wide variety of receptors in the mammalian nervous system. A by no means comprehensive list is shown in Table 1 . Receptors are thought to be coupled to PIC through a guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein—see Chapter 1 by Milligan) termed G , by a mechanism analogous to coupling of receptors with adenylyl cyclase, though as yet the identity of this G protein has not been established.* (For general reviews, see Hawthorne and Pickard, 1979 ; Downes, 1986 ; Fisher and Agranoff, 1987 ; Watson and Godfrey, 1988 ; Berridge and Irvine, 1989 ; Nahorski and Potter, 1989 ). The initial receptor-coupled event is a PIC-mediated breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns4,5P2 ) to give the two intracellular messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P)3 which mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ (see Chapter 3 by Taylor et al.), and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG), which activates protein kinase C (see Chapter 6 by Burgess). Ins (1,4,5)P3 is then either phosphorylated to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 ) or dephosphorylated to Ins(1,4)P3′ , the reactions catalyzed by a 3kinase or 5-phosphatase, respectively.
Table 1  Receptors Known To Be Coupled to PIC in the CNS or Related Cell Lines

Receptor

Subtype(s)

Tissue

Muscarinic

ml, m3, m5

Brain slices

   

Neuronal cell lines

   

Neuronal and glial primary cultures

   

Transfected cell lines

Adrenergic

α1

Brain slices

   

Synaptoneurosomes

   

Primary cultures

   

Transfected cell lines

Histaminergic

H1

Brain slices

   

Neuronal cell lines

Serotonergic

5-HT1C' 5-HT2

Brain slices

   

Choroid plexus

   

Neuronal cell lines

   

Transfected cell lines

Glutamatergic

Quis/metabotropic

Brain slices

   

Cerebellar granule cells

   

Primary neuronal culture

Tachykinin

NK1, NK2, NK3

Brain slices

   

Astrocytoma cell lines

Neurotensin

 

Brain slices

   

Neuronal cell lines

Bradykinin

 

Neuronal cell lines

CCK

 

Brain slices

Vasopressin

 

Brain slices

   

SCGa

Depolarization

 

Brain slice

   

SCGa

a SCG—superior cervical ganglion.
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