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Incubation of Fear

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  • Abstract
  • Table of Contents
  • Materials
  • Figures
  • Literature Cited

Abstract

 

While fear and anxiety can grow over time in anxiety disorders, most efforts to model this phenomenon with fear conditioning in rodents cause fear that remains stable or decreases across weeks or months. Here, we describe several methods to induce conditioned fear that grows over the course of 1 month and is sustained for at least 2 months using an extended fear conditioning approach. These methods include a very reliable standard method that causes multiple fear measures to increase over months, as well as alternative methods. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 64:6.27.1?6.27.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Keywords: fear incubation; fear conditioning; delayed?onset fear; PTSD; anxiety

     
 
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Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Basic Protocol 1: Concurrent Freezing/Conditioned Suppression Incubation with Short Cues
  • Alternate Protocol 1: Fear/Anxiety Incubation with Long Cues
  • Alternate Protocol 2: Fear Incubation Measured Without a Concurrent Operant Task
  • Commentary
  • Literature Cited
  • Figures
     
 
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library

Materials

Basic Protocol 1: Concurrent Freezing/Conditioned Suppression Incubation with Short Cues

  Materials
  • Rats (e.g., Long‐Evans rats from Charles River Laboratory weighing 250 to 500 g; singly housed for the duration of the experiment)
  • Food chow
  • 45 mg food pellets (e.g., # F0021, 5.5% fat, 60% carbohydrate, 4.5% fiber; Bioserv)
  • A scale with gram sensitivity to weigh rats and food chow
  • Operant chambers (e.g., previous experiments have used Med Associates chambers with a retractable “active lever,” pellet dispenser to deliver 45‐mg pellets, Sonalert tone generator, red houselight, and shock generators programmed to deliver scrambled shocks)
  • A video camera for closed captioned viewing/recording of behavior (e.g., a system from Coulbourn Instruments mounted to the top of each chamber, extending 2 cm into the chamber with software to record behavior, has been used)
  • Software to control operant chambers installed on a desktop computer (e.g., Med Associates software‐ Med‐PC‐IV and Trans‐IV; sample Trans‐IV programs for all experimental phases for all three protocols are available by emailing the authors or at http://www.pickenslab.net)
  • A computer with software to view videos of rat behavior
  • A metronome (mechanical or a metronome program)

Alternate Protocol 1: Fear/Anxiety Incubation with Long Cues

  Materials
  • The materials for this protocol are the same as those in the Basic Protocol, with two exceptions: (1) This procedure does not require the experimental chamber to contain an active lever (if an active lever is present, it should be retracted during all training sessions); and (2) 45‐mg food pellets are not required for this protocol
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Figures

  •   Figure Figure 6.27.1 Time‐line for the and .
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.2 Time‐course of fear incubation using the procedure described in the Basic Protocol. The measure of fear is conditioned suppression of lever‐pressing (mean + SEM). Significantly different from day 2 ( p < 0.05). Adapted, with permission, from Pickens et al. ().
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.3 Comparison of fear expression after limited (1 day) or extended (10 day) training. (A ) Fear expression after training with 30‐sec cues (as in the Basic Protocol). (B ) Fear expression after training with 6‐min cues (as in ). The measure of fear is conditioned suppression of lever‐pressing (mean + SEM). Significantly different from day 2 ( p < 0.05). Adapted, with permission, from Pickens et al. () and Pickens et al. ().
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.4 Different trial‐by‐trial patterns of fear incubation (idealized data). (A ) Higher fear expression on day 31 on every trial during the fear test. (B ) Higher fear expression on day 31 early in the test with the differences disappearing on later trials. (C ) Similar early in the test due to ceiling effects, with fear expression on day 31 higher on later trials.
    View Image

Videos

Literature Cited

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Internet Resources
   http://www.pickenslab.net
   Web site for the Pickens laboratory (Kansas State University) starting in August 2013. This site contains sample programs for all three protocols.
GO TO THE FULL PROTOCOL:
PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library
 
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