丁香实验_LOGO
登录
提问
我要登录
|免费注册
点赞
收藏
wx-share
分享

Incubation of Fear

互联网

1138
  • Abstract
  • Table of Contents
  • Materials
  • Figures
  • Literature Cited

Abstract

 

While fear and anxiety can grow over time in anxiety disorders, most efforts to model this phenomenon with fear conditioning in rodents cause fear that remains stable or decreases across weeks or months. Here, we describe several methods to induce conditioned fear that grows over the course of 1 month and is sustained for at least 2 months using an extended fear conditioning approach. These methods include a very reliable standard method that causes multiple fear measures to increase over months, as well as alternative methods. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 64:6.27.1?6.27.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Keywords: fear incubation; fear conditioning; delayed?onset fear; PTSD; anxiety

     
 
GO TO THE FULL PROTOCOL:
PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Basic Protocol 1: Concurrent Freezing/Conditioned Suppression Incubation with Short Cues
  • Alternate Protocol 1: Fear/Anxiety Incubation with Long Cues
  • Alternate Protocol 2: Fear Incubation Measured Without a Concurrent Operant Task
  • Commentary
  • Literature Cited
  • Figures
     
 
GO TO THE FULL PROTOCOL:
PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library

Materials

Basic Protocol 1: Concurrent Freezing/Conditioned Suppression Incubation with Short Cues

  Materials
  • Rats (e.g., Long‐Evans rats from Charles River Laboratory weighing 250 to 500 g; singly housed for the duration of the experiment)
  • Food chow
  • 45 mg food pellets (e.g., # F0021, 5.5% fat, 60% carbohydrate, 4.5% fiber; Bioserv)
  • A scale with gram sensitivity to weigh rats and food chow
  • Operant chambers (e.g., previous experiments have used Med Associates chambers with a retractable “active lever,” pellet dispenser to deliver 45‐mg pellets, Sonalert tone generator, red houselight, and shock generators programmed to deliver scrambled shocks)
  • A video camera for closed captioned viewing/recording of behavior (e.g., a system from Coulbourn Instruments mounted to the top of each chamber, extending 2 cm into the chamber with software to record behavior, has been used)
  • Software to control operant chambers installed on a desktop computer (e.g., Med Associates software‐ Med‐PC‐IV and Trans‐IV; sample Trans‐IV programs for all experimental phases for all three protocols are available by emailing the authors or at http://www.pickenslab.net)
  • A computer with software to view videos of rat behavior
  • A metronome (mechanical or a metronome program)

Alternate Protocol 1: Fear/Anxiety Incubation with Long Cues

  Materials
  • The materials for this protocol are the same as those in the Basic Protocol, with two exceptions: (1) This procedure does not require the experimental chamber to contain an active lever (if an active lever is present, it should be retracted during all training sessions); and (2) 45‐mg food pellets are not required for this protocol
GO TO THE FULL PROTOCOL:
PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library

Figures

  •   Figure Figure 6.27.1 Time‐line for the and .
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.2 Time‐course of fear incubation using the procedure described in the Basic Protocol. The measure of fear is conditioned suppression of lever‐pressing (mean + SEM). Significantly different from day 2 ( p < 0.05). Adapted, with permission, from Pickens et al. ().
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.3 Comparison of fear expression after limited (1 day) or extended (10 day) training. (A ) Fear expression after training with 30‐sec cues (as in the Basic Protocol). (B ) Fear expression after training with 6‐min cues (as in ). The measure of fear is conditioned suppression of lever‐pressing (mean + SEM). Significantly different from day 2 ( p < 0.05). Adapted, with permission, from Pickens et al. () and Pickens et al. ().
    View Image
  •   Figure Figure 6.27.4 Different trial‐by‐trial patterns of fear incubation (idealized data). (A ) Higher fear expression on day 31 on every trial during the fear test. (B ) Higher fear expression on day 31 early in the test with the differences disappearing on later trials. (C ) Similar early in the test due to ceiling effects, with fear expression on day 31 higher on later trials.
    View Image

Videos

Literature Cited

   Andrews, B., Brewin, C.R., Philpott, R., and Stewart, L. 2007. Delayed‐onset posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry 164:1319‐1326.
   Annau, Z. and Kamin, L.J. 1961. The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 54:428‐432.
   Armony, J.L., Servan‐Schreiber, D., Romanski, L.M., Cohen, J.D., and LeDoux, J.E. 1997. Stimulus generalization of fear responses: Effects of auditory cortex lesions in a computational model and in rats. Cereb. Cortex 7:157‐165.
   Balogh, S.A. and Wehner, J.M. 2003. Inbred mouse strain differences in the establishment of long‐term fear memory. Behav. Brain Res. 140:97‐106.
   Balogh, S.A., Radcliffe, R.A., Logue, S.F., and Wehner, J.M. 2002. Contextual and cued fear conditioning in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice: context discrimination and the effects of retention interval. Behav. Neurosci. 116:947‐957.
   Bouton, M.E., Frohardt, R.J., Sunsay, C., Waddell, J., and Morris, R.W. 2008. Contextual control of inhibition with reinforcement: Adaptation and timing mechanisms. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process 34:223‐236.
   Davis, M., Walker, D.L., Miles, L., and Grillon, C. 2009. Phasic vs. sustained fear in rats and humans: Role of the extended amygdala in fear vs. anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:105‐135.
   Estes, W.K. and Skinner, B.F. 1941. Some quantitative properties of anxiety. J. Exp. Psychol. 29:390‐400.
   Eysenck, H.J. 1979. The conditioning model of neurosis. Behav. Brain Sci. 2:155‐199.
   Fanselow, M.S. 1980. Conditioned and unconditional components of post‐shock freezing. Pavlov J. Biol. Sci. 15:177‐182.
   Fanselow, M.S. and Gale, G.D. 2003. The amygdala, fear, and memory. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 985:125‐134.
   Frankland, P.W., Bontempi, B., Talton, L.E., Kaczmarek, L., and Silva, A.J. 2004. The involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex in remote contextual fear memory. Science 304:881‐883.
   Gale, G.D., Anagnostaras, S.G., Godsil, B.P., Mitchell, S., Nozawa, T., Sage, J.R., Wiltgen, B., and Fanselow, M.S. 2004. Role of the basolateral amygdala in the storage of fear memories across the adult lifetime of rats. J. Neurosci. 24:3810‐3815.
   Gleitman, H. and Holmes, P.A. 1967. Retention of incompletely learned CER in rats. Psychon. Sci. 7:19‐20.
   Hendersen, R.W. 1978. Forgetting and conditioned fear inhibition. Learn. Motiv. 9:16‐30.
   Houston, F.P., Stevenson, G.D., McNaughton, B.L., and Barnes, C.A. 1999. Effects of age on the generalization and incubation of memory in the F344 rat. Learn. Mem. 6:111‐119.
   LeDoux, J.E. 2000. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23:155‐184.
   Maren, S. 2001. Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24:897‐931.
   Millenson, J.R. and Dent, J.G. 1971. Habituation of conditioned suppression. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 23:126‐134.
   Millenson, J.R. and Hendry, D.P. 1967. Quantification of response suppression in conditioned anxiety training. Can. J. Psychol. 21:242‐252.
   Morrow, J.D., Maren, S., and Robinson, T.E. 2012. Pavlovian conditioned approach to a reward cue predicts fear incubation. Society for Neuroscience conference, New Orleans, La.
   Mowrer, O.H. 1939. A stimulus‐response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychol. Rev. 46:553‐565.
   Pickens, C.L., Adams‐Deutsch, T., Nair, S.G., Navarre, B.M., Heilig, M., and Shaham, Y. 2009a. Effect of pharmacological manipulations of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin‐releasing factor neurotransmission on incubation of conditioned fear. Neuroscience 164:1398‐1406.
   Pickens, C.L., Golden, S.A., Adams‐Deutsch, T., Nair, S.G., and Shaham, Y. 2009b. Long‐lasting incubation of conditioned fear in rats. Biol. Psychiatry 65:881‐886.
   Pickens, C.L., Navarre, B.M., and Nair, S.G. 2010. Incubation of conditioned fear in the conditioned suppression model in rats: Role of food‐restriction conditions, length of conditioned cue, and generality to conditioned freezing. Neuroscience 169:1501‐1510.
   Quirk, G.J. 2002. Memory for extinction of conditioned fear is long‐lasting and persists following spontaneous recovery. Learn. Mem. 9:402‐407.
   Rosas, J.M. and Alonso, G. 1997. The effect of context change upon long‐term memory of CS duration. Behav. Processes 39:69‐76.
   Siegmund, A. and Wotjak, C.T. 2007. A mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder that distinguishes between conditioned and sensitised fear. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41:848‐860.
   Waddell, J., Morris, R.W., and Bouton, M.E. 2006. Effects of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis lesions on conditioned anxiety: Aversive conditioning with long‐duration conditional stimuli and reinstatement of extinguished fear. Behav. Neurosci. 120:324‐336.
   Walker, D.L. and Davis, M. 2008. Role of the extended amygdala in short‐duration versus sustained fear: A tribute to Dr. Lennart Heimer. Brain Struct. Funct. 213:29‐42.
   Watson, J.B. and Rayner, R. 1920. Conditioned emotional responses. J. Exp. Psychol. 3:1‐14.
   Wiltgen, B.J. and Silva, A.J. 2007. Memory for context becomes less specific with time. Learn. Mem. 14:313‐317.
Internet Resources
   http://www.pickenslab.net
   Web site for the Pickens laboratory (Kansas State University) starting in August 2013. This site contains sample programs for all three protocols.
GO TO THE FULL PROTOCOL:
PDF or HTML at Wiley Online Library
 
提问
扫一扫
丁香实验小程序二维码
实验小助手
丁香实验公众号二维码
扫码领资料
反馈
TOP
打开小程序