Liposomes As Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccine Carriers

The need for an effective and safe immunological adjuvant or vaccine carrier that could promote appropriate immune responses to vaccines is well recognized (1 ,2 ). This is especially true for most of the subunit vaccine and synthetic peptide antigens, which are not only costly or available in small quantities (e.g., recombinant DNA products), but also weakly or nonimmunogenic. However, presently available immunological adjuvants (e.g., complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvants, bacterial endotoxins, polyanions, mineral adsorbents, and so on) can induce local or systemic toxicity, form unacceptable