Methods for Studying Habitual Behavior in Mice
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- Abstract
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Abstract
Habit formation refers to the process by which goal?directed behavior becomes automatized and less sensitive to changes in the value of the goal. It has clear relevance for our understanding of skill learning and addiction. Recent studies have begun to reveal the neural substrates underlying this process. This unit summarizes what is known about the experimental methods used, and provides a protocol for generating and assessing habit formation in mice. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 60:8.29.1?8.29.9. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Keywords: operant; habit; instrumental conditioning; action selection; mouse behavior
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryTable of Contents
- Introduction
- Basic Protocol 1: Generating Habitual Operant Responding in Mice
- Alternate Protocol 1: Alternative Devaluation Method Using Lithium Chloride Injection (3 Days)
- Commentary
- Literature Cited
- Figures
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PDF or HTML at Wiley Online LibraryMaterials
Basic Protocol 1: Generating Habitual Operant Responding in Mice
Materials
Alternate Protocol 1: Alternative Devaluation Method Using Lithium Chloride Injection (3 Days)
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Figure 8.29.1 Each operant chamber (21.6‐cm long × 17.8‐cm wide × 12.7‐cm high) should be housed within a light‐resistant and sound‐attenuating box. Each chamber has a pellet receptacle in the center of one wall where food pellets are dispensed via an external pellet dispenser. On either side of the receptacle are retractable levers, and on the opposite wall, a 3 W, 24 V house light. View Image -
Figure 8.29.2 Example of a mouse performing on an operant task. View Image -
Figure 8.29.3 Data from a devaluation test adapted from a published study (Yu et al., ). Abbreviations: WT, wild‐type mice; KO, A2A adenosine receptor knockout mice. View Image
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Literature Cited
| Literature Cited | |
| Adams, C.D. 1982. Variations in the sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer devaluation. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 33B:109‐122. | |
| Adams, C.D. and Dickinson, A. 1981. Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 33:109‐122. | |
| Colwill, R.M. and Rescorla, R.A. 1985. Postconditioning devaluation of a reinforcer affects instrumental responding. J. Exp. Psychol. Animal Behav. Proc. 11:120‐132. | |
| Colwill, R.M. and Rescorla, R.A. 1986. Associative structures in instrumental learning. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 20 (G. Bower, ed.) pp. 55‐104. Academic Press, New York. | |
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| Dickinson, A. 1985. Actions and habits: the development of behavioural autonomy. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B308:67‐78. | |
| Dickinson, A. 1994. Instrumental conditioning. In Animal Learning and Cognition (N.J. Mackintosh, ed.) pp. 45‐79. Academic Press, Orlando, Fla. | |
| Dickinson, A., Nicholas, D.J., and Adams, C.D. 1983. The effect of the instrumental training contingency on susceptibility to reinforcer devaluation. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 35:35‐51. | |
| Ferster, C. and Skinner, B.F. 1957. Schedules of Reinforcement. Appleton Century, New York. | |
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| Hilario, M.R.F., Clouse, E., Yin, H.H., and Costa, R.M. 2007. Endocannabinoid signaling is critical for habit formation. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 1:6. | |
| Skinner, B.F. 1938. The Behavior of Organisms. Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, New York. | |
| Yin, H.H. and Knowlton, B.J. 2006. The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7:464‐476. | |
| Yin, H.H., Knowlton, B.J., and Balleine, B.W. 2004. Lesions of dorsolateral striatum preserve outcome expectancy but disrupt habit formation in instrumental learning. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19:181‐189. | |
| Yin, H.H., Knowlton, B.J., and Balleine, B.W. 2005a. Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action‐outcome learning in instrumental conditioning. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22:505‐512. | |
| Yin, H.H., Ostlund, S.B., Knowlton, B.J., and Balleine, B.W. 2005b. The role of the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22:513‐523. | |
| Yin, H.H., Knowlton, B.J., and Balleine, B.W. 2006. Inactivation of dorsolateral striatum enhances sensitivity to changes in the action‐outcome contingency in instrumental conditioning. Behav. Brain Res. 166:189‐196. | |
| Yin, H.H., Ostlund, S.B., and Balleine, B.W. 2008. Reward‐guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: The integrative functions of cortico‐basal ganglia networks. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28:1437‐1448. | |
| Yu, C., Gupta, J., Chen, J.F., and Yin, H.H. 2009. Genetic deletion of A2A adenosine receptors in the striatum selectively impairs habit formation. J. Neurosci. 29:15100‐15103. | |
| Yu, C., Gupta, J., and Yin, H.H. 2010. The role of mediodorsal thalamus in temporal differentiation of reward‐guided actions. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 4. |
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