Cryopreservation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
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Most culturable cyanobacteria and soil microalgae can be cryopreserved with relatively high viability. Furthermore, many freshwater
and marine eukaryotic algae can also be cryopreserved, but typically with lower post-thaw viability levels. However, to date,
most dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, synurophytes, and raphidophytes cannot be successfully cryopreserved. Marine diatoms can
be cryopreserved, and often have high viability, although freshwater diatoms have thus far proven more problematic. Large
numbers of strains have been examined, most notably at the four major protistan collections: Culture Collection of Algae and
Protozoa (CCAP) (UK), The Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP) (USA), Sammlung von
Algenku Huren G�ttingen (SAG) (Germany), and The Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin (UTEX) (USA),
and it has been observed that chlorarachniophytes, eustigmatophytes, pelagophytes, phaeothamniophytes, and ulvophytes also
have very high success rates, comparable with the other green algae and cyanobacteria. It has been noted that virtually all
algae with a large cell size, as well as most filamentous strains, cannot as yet be cryopreserved. There are no known fundamental
reasons why large and more complex algae cannot be successfully cryopreserved. Thus, it is anticipated that further research
on the basic mechanisms of freezing damage and the empirical development of improved protocols will continue to expand the
number and diversity of algal taxa that can be successfully cryopreserved.