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Synthesis of Triazole‐Nucleoside Phosphoramidites and Their Use in Solid‐Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis

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3057
  • Abstract
  • Table of Contents
  • Materials
  • Figures
  • Literature Cited

Abstract

 

Triazole?backbone oligonucleotides are macromolecules that have one or more triazole units that are acting as a backbone mimic. Triazoles within the backbone have been used within oligonucleotides for a variety of applications. This unit describes the preparation and synthesis of two triazole?nucleoside phosphoramidites [uracil?triazole?uracil (UtU) and cytosine?triazole?uracil (CtU)] based on a PNA?like scaffold, and their incorporation within oligonucleotides. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem . 55:4.57.1?4.57.38. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Keywords: triazole?linkage; cycloaddition; phosphoramidite; solid?phase oligonucleotide synthesis

     
 
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Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of Uracil and Cytosine Pyrimidine Bases
  • Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of Alkyne and Azide Linkers
  • Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of Alkyne and Azide Monomers
  • Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of Uracil‐Triazole‐Uracil Phosphoramidite (24)
  • Basic Protocol 5: Preparation of Cytosine‐Triazole‐Uracil Phosphoramidite
  • Basic Protocol 6: Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Oligonucleotides Containing CtU or UtU Units
  • Reagents and Solutions
  • Commentary
  • Literature Cited
  • Figures
  • Tables
     
 
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Materials

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of Uracil and Cytosine Pyrimidine Bases

  Materials
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ≥98%
  • Uracil (1 ), ≥99% pure
  • Bromoacetic acid, 97% pure
  • Methanol (MeOH), ACS grade
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), ACS grade
  • Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), ACS grade
  • Cytosine (3 ), ≥99% pure
  • Dimethylformamide (DMF), anhydrous, 99.8% pure
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • Sodium hydride (NaH), 60% dispersion in mineral oil
  • Hexane, ACS grade
  • Methyl bromoacetate, 97% pure
  • Pyridine, anhydrous, ≥99% pure
  • Benzoyl chloride, 99% pure
  • Analytical balance
  • Weighing paper
  • 50‐ and 100‐mL and 1‐L round‐bottom flask
  • Stir bar
  • Hot plate magnetic stirrer
  • 45°C water bath
  • Septa
  • Disposable syringes and needles
  • TLC plates (250‐μm thick; Silicycle; cat. no. TLG‐R10011B‐2020, http://www.silicycle.com/)
  • Short‐wave UV lamp
  • pH meter
  • Vacuum pump
  • Filter paper, grade P5
  • Büchner funnels
  • 150‐, 250‐, and 500‐mL Büchner flasks
  • Oven
  • Rotary evaporator
  • Additional reagents and equipment for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC, appendix 3D )

Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of Alkyne and Azide Linkers

  Materials
  • Ethanolamine (6 ), 99% pure
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), ACS grade
  • Imidazole, ≥99.5% pure
  • Tert ‐butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBS‐Cl), >95% pure
  • Methanol (MeOH), ACS grade
  • Potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) stain (see recipe )
  • Saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 )
  • Sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), ACS grade
  • 2‐((tert ‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethanamine (7 )
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • Distilled N,N‐ Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 99% pure
  • 80% (w/v) 3‐bromoprop‐1‐yne (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. p51001) in toluene
  • Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ACS grade
  • Hexane, ACS grade
  • Silica gel: 40 to 63 µm (230 to 400 mesh)
  • Sodium azide (NaN 3 ), ≥99.5%
  • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ≥98%
  • 2‐bromoethylamine hydrobromide (9 ; Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. 06670)
  • Diethyl ether (Et 2 O), ACS grade
  • Dimethylformamide (DMF), anhydrous, 99.8% pure
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • Distilled triethylamine (TEA), ≥99% pure
  • Ethyl 2‐bromoacetate, 98% (Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. 133973)
  • 2‐Bromoethanol (12 ; Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. B65586)
  • (2‐bromoethoxy)(tert ‐butyl)dimethylsilane, 99% pure (13 ; Sigma‐Aldrich, cat. no. 428426)
  • Saturated solution of NaCl (brine)
  • 50‐, 100‐, 250‐ and 500‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Stir bar
  • Hot plate magnetic stirrer
  • TLC plates (250‐μm thick; Silicycle; cat. no. TLG‐R10011B‐2020, http://www.silicycle.com/)
  • Short‐wave UV lamp
  • 250‐, 500‐, and 1‐L separatory funnels
  • 100‐, 250‐, and, 500‐mL Erlenmeyer flasks
  • Rotary evaporator
  • 7 × 25–cm glass chromatography column
  • Reflux condenser
  • Additional reagents and equipment for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC, appendix 3D ) and column chromatography ( appendix 3E )

Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of Alkyne and Azide Monomers

  Materials
  • Uracil‐1‐yl acetic acid (2 ; protocol 1 )
  • N ‐(2‐((tert ‐Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐amine (8 ; protocol 2 )
  • Dimethylformamide (DMF), anhydrous, 99.8% pure
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • 1‐Ethyl‐2‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC‐Cl; Protochem, cat. no. c1100), ≥99% pure
  • Hexane, ACS grade
  • Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ACS grade
  • Saturated solution of NaCl (brine)
  • Sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), ACS grade
  • Silica gel: 40 to 63 µm (230 to 400 mesh)
  • N,N Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 99% pure
  • 1‐Hydroxybenzotrizole (HOBt), ≥ 99% pure
  • Ethyl 2‐(2‐azidoethylamino)acetate (11 ; protocol 2 )
  • (N 4 ‐(Benzoyl)cytosine‐1‐yl)acetic acid (5 ; protocol 1 )
  • Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), minimum 99.5% GC
  • 2‐AzidoN ‐(2‐(tert ‐butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)ethanamine (14 ; protocol 2 )
  • Methanol (MeOH), ACS grade
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), ACS grade
  • Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3HF/TEA; Sigma, cat. no. 344648), 98% pure
  • Pyridine, dry
  • Dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT‐Cl), 95% pure
  • Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 )
  • 50‐, 100‐, 250‐ and 500‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Stir bar
  • Hot plate magnetic stirrer
  • TLC plates (250‐μm thick; Silicycle; cat. no. TLG‐R10011B‐2020, http://www.silicycle.com/)
  • Short‐wave UV lamp
  • 250‐, 500‐, and 1‐L separatory funnels
  • 100‐, 250‐, and, 500‐mL Erlenmeyer flasks
  • Rotary evaporator
  • 7 × 25–cm glass chromatography column
  • 250‐mL Büchner flask
  • 3.5 × 25–cm glass chromatography column
  • Aluminum foil
  • Additional reagents and equipment for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC, appendix 3D ) and column chromatography ( appendix 3E )

Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of Uracil‐Triazole‐Uracil Phosphoramidite (24)

  Materials
  • N ‐(2‐(tert ‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)‐uracil‐1‐yl‐N ‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)acetamide (15 ; protocol 3 )
  • Ethyl 2‐(N ‐(2‐azidoethyl)‐uracil‐1‐yl‐acetamido)acetate (16 ; protocol 3 )
  • Tetrahydrofuran (THF), anhydrous, ≥99.9% pure
  • tert ‐Butyl alcohol (t ‐BuOH), ACS grade, ≥99% pure
  • (+)‐Sodium L‐ascorbate, ≥98% pure
  • Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO 4 ) pentahydrate, ∼99% pure
  • Ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) solution, ACS grade, 28.0% to 30.0% NH 3 basis
  • Methanol (MeOH), ACS grade
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), ACS grade
  • Silica gel: 40 to 63 µm (230 to 400 mesh)
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • 2.0 M lithium borohydride (LiBH 4 ) in THF
  • Pyridine, dry
  • Dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT‐Cl), 95% pure
  • Sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 )
  • 1.0 M tetra‐n ‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in tetrahydrofuran
  • N ‐(2‐(tert ‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)‐uracil‐1‐yl‐N ‐((1‐(2‐(uracil‐1‐yl‐N ‐(2‐
  • 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 99% pure
  • Saturated solution of NaCl (brine)
  • Distilled N,N‐ Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 99% pure
  • 13.5% to 15.5% 2‐cyanoethyl N,N ‐diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite, Cl
  • Distilled triethylamine (TEA), ≥99%
  • Hexane, ACS grade
  • Acetone, ACS grade
  • 50‐, 100‐, 250‐ and 500‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Stir bar
  • Hot plate magnetic stirrer
  • TLC plates (250‐μm thick; Silicycle; cat. no. TLG‐R10011B‐2020, http://www.silicycle.com/)
  • Short‐wave UV lamp
  • 250‐, 500‐, and 1‐L separatory funnels
  • 100‐, 250‐, and, 500‐mL Erlenmeyer flasks
  • Filter paper, grade P5
  • 3.5 × 25–cm and 2.5 × 25–cm glass chromatography columns
  • Reflux condenser
  • Disposable syringes and needles
  • Additional reagents and equipment for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC, appendix 3D ) and column chromatography ( appendix 3E )

Basic Protocol 5: Preparation of Cytosine‐Triazole‐Uracil Phosphoramidite

  Materials
  • N ‐(2‐(tert ‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)ethyl)‐uracil‐1‐yl‐N ‐(prop‐2‐ynyl)acetamide (15 ; protocol 3 )
  • N ‐(1‐(2‐((2‐Azidoethyl)(2‐(bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)ethyl)amino)‐2‐oxoethyl)‐N 4 ‐(benzoyl)cytosin‐1‐yl) (19 ; Basic Protocol 3)
  • Tetrahydrofuran (THF), anhydrous, ≥99.9% pure
  • (+)‐Sodium L‐ascorbate, ≥98% pure
  • Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO 4 ) pentahydrate, ∼99% pure
  • Methanol (MeOH), ACS grade
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), ACS grade
  • Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ACS grade
  • Sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 )
  • Silica gel: 40 to 63 µm (230 to 400 mesh)
  • 1.0 M tetra‐n ‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in tetrahydrofuran
  • Distilled N,N‐ Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 99% pure
  • 13.5% to 15.5% 2‐cyanoethyl N,N ‐diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite, Cl
  • Distilled triethylamine (TEA), ≥99% pure
  • Acetone, ACS grade
  • Hexane, ACS grade
  • 50‐, 100‐, 250‐ and 500‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Stir bar
  • Hot plate magnetic stirrer
  • TLC plates (250‐μm thick; Silicycle; cat. no. TLG‐R10011B‐2020, http://www.silicycle.com/)
  • Short‐wave UV lamp
  • 250‐, 500‐, and 1‐L separatory funnels
  • 100‐, 250‐, and, 500‐mL Erlenmeyer flasks
  • 2.5 × 25–cm and 3.5 × 25–cm glass chromatography column
  • Rotary evaporator
  • Additional reagents and equipment for thin‐layer chromatography (TLC, appendix 3D ) and column chromatography ( appendix 3E )

Basic Protocol 6: Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Oligonucleotides Containing CtU or UtU Units

  Materials
  • Phosphoramidites:
    • 2‐(N ‐(2‐(4‐((N ‐(2‐(Bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)ethyl)‐2‐(uracil‐1‐)acetamido)methyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐2‐(uracil‐1‐yl)acetami‐do)ethyl (2‐cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (24 ; Basic Protocol 4)
    • 2‐(N ‐((1‐(2‐(2‐(N 4 ‐(Benzoyl)cytosin‐1‐yl)‐N ‐(2‐(bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)ethyl)acetamido)ethyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl)‐2‐(uracil‐1‐yl)acetamido)ethyl (2‐cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite (27 ; protocol 5 )
    • 2′‐TBDMS guanosine (n ‐ibu) phosphoramidite, ≥98% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5673)
    • 2′‐TBDMS cytidine (n ‐bz) phosphoramidite, 97.4% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5672)
    • 2′‐TBDMS adenosine (n ‐bz) phosphoramidite, 99.3% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5671)
    • 2′‐TBDMS uridine phosphoramidite, 98.8% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5674)
    • 2′‐Deoxyguanosine (n ‐ibu) phosphoramide, 99% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5553)
    • 2′‐Deoxyadenosine (n ‐bz) phosphoramidite, 99.2% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5551)
    • 2′Deoxycytosine (n ‐bz) phosphoramidite, 99.5% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5552)
    • 5′‐DMT thymidine phosphoramidite, ≥98.0% pure (ChemGenes, cat. no. ANP‐5554)
  • 2‐[2‐(4,4′‐Dimethoxytrityloxy)ethylsulfonyl]ethyl‐(2‐cyanoethyl)‐(N,N ‐diisopropyl)‐phosphoramidite (chemical phosphorylating reagent (ChemGenes, cat. no. CLP‐1544), ≥98.1% pure
  • Acetonitrile (ACN), anhydrous
  • Dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), anhydrous, ≥99.8%
  • Nitrogen (or argon) gas
  • Acetic anhydride/pyridine/THF (Cap A)
  • 16% N ‐methylimidazole (ChemGenes, cat. no. RN‐7776) in THF (Cap B)
  • 5‐ethylthio tetrazole (activator; ChemGenes, cat. no. RN‐1466), 0.25 M in ACN
  • 0.02 M iodine/pyridine/H 2 O/THF (oxidation solution)
  • 3% trichloroacetic acid/dichloromethane
  • EMAM: 1:1 mixture of 40% (w/v) methylamine in H 2 O and 33% (w/v) methylamine in ethanol
  • Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), minimum 99.5% GC
  • Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3HF/TEA), 98% pure
  • Ethanol (EtOH), 95%
  • 3 M sodium acetate (NaOAc), pH 5.2
  • Nuclease‐free H 2 O
  • 40% acrylamide (see recipe )
  • 10× and 0.5× TBE buffer (see recipe )
  • Urea, 99.5% pure
  • 25% (w/v) ammonium persulfate (APS) (see recipe )
  • Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)
  • Denaturing loading solution (see recipe )
  • Ethidium bromide, >98.0%
  • Dry ice/95% ethanol bath
  • Gel eluting buffer (see recipe )
  • Matrix solution for MALDI‐TOF (see recipe )
  • Matrix solution for ESI Q‐TOF (see recipe )
  • Sodium phosphate buffer (see recipe )
  • DNA/RNA synthesizer (e.g., Applied Biosystems 394; see appendix 3C )
  • 0.2 µM or 1.0 µM CPG 500 (with desired nucleoside bound)
  • 0.2 µM or 1.0 µM Universal III solid supports
  • 50‐mL conical centrifuge tubes (e.g., BD Falcon)
  • 10‐mL syringe
  • 1.5‐mL screw‐cap vials
  • Needle to puncture lid of screw‐cap vial
  • Speedvac evaporator
  • Parafilm
  • 65°C water bath
  • Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, cat. no. 840‐208200)
  • UV‐compatible cuvette
  • Gel plates
  • Spacers
  • Gasket
  • Comb
  • Clamps
  • 100‐mL beaker
  • Stir bar
  • Gel electrophoresis apparatus (see unit 10.4 & appendix 3B )
  • Spatula
  • Shaker
  • Large TLC plate
  • Short‐wavelength UV lamp
  • Camera
  • Scalpel
  • Skinny Scoopula
  • Centrifuge pestle (Fisher Scientific cat. no. 05‐559‐26)
  • Shaker
  • 0.4‐µm syringe filter
  • MWCO 3000 cellulose centrifugal filter
  • Millipore ZipTip C18‐column micropipet tips (see unit 10.1 )
  • Metal sample plate (unit 10.1 )
  • Zorbax Extend C18 HPLC column (unit 10.5 )
  • Quartz cuvettes, 1 mm path lengths, Teflon caps
  • Spectropolarimeter (e.g., Jasco)
  • Meltwin software version 3.5 (http://www.meltwin3.com/)
  • Additional reagents and equipment for automated solid‐phase oligonucleotide synthesis ( appendix 3C ) and PAGE purification of oligonucleotides (unit 10.4 & appendix 3B ), MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry (unit 10.1 ), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (unit 10.2 ), and HPLC purification of oligonucleotides (unit 10.5 )
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Figures

  •   Figure 4.57.1 General scheme for the conversion of uracil into uracil‐1‐yl acetic acid (2 ) and cytosine into ( N 4 ‐(benzoyl)cytosine‐1‐yl)acetic acid (5 ).
    View Image
  •   Figure 4.57.2 General scheme for the preparation of alkyne linker 8 and azide linkers 11 and 14 .
    View Image
  •   Figure 4.57.3 General scheme for the preparation of alkyne monomer 15 and azide monomers 16 and 19 .
    View Image
  •   Figure 4.57.4 General scheme for the preparation of the uracil‐triazole‐uracil dimer phosphoramidite (24 ).
    View Image
  •   Figure 4.57.5 General scheme for the preparation of the cytosine‐triazole‐uracil dimer phosphoramidite (27 ).
    View Image

Videos

Literature Cited

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