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Experimental Surgery

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General Issues and Requirements

Surgery is defined as any procedure that exposes tissues normally covered by skin or mucosa.  Experimental surgery has great potential for causing pain or distress to animals if not performed properly.  Surgery can result in pain, damage to tissue and post-operative infections.  Therefore stringent guidelines for training , surgical facilities , asepsis , surgical preparation , anesthesia , intra-operative records , analgesia , surgical technique , and post-operative monitoring have been established.

Surgery is classified in several ways.  There are different requirements depending on the type of surgery being performed.

  • Surgery is major if it  enters a body cavity (thorax, abdomen, calvarium), or has the potential for having significant complications.  Included would be orthopedic procedures and extensive cannulation procedures.
  • Other surgery is classified as minor . Minor procedures include peripheral vessel cannulations and skin incisions.
  • Surgery is also classified as survival vs. nonsurvival.  Asepsis and sterility are not required for non-survival procedures, unless the procedures are of sufficient duration to allow bacterial infections to affect the outcome of the study.
  • There are also slightly different requirements for surgery performed on large animals such as rabbits, dogs, pigs and monkeys versus rodents and non-mammals.

Surgery  Facilities

Surgical facilities used for survival surgery must be designed and maintained in such a way that they help prevent the development of post-procedural infections.  Design features include: How these goals are achieved will vary somewhat depending on the type of surgery. The IACUC will review and approve all surgical areas.

Principles of  Asepsis

Asepsis is defined as preventing exposure to microorganisms and prevention of infection.  Three things that are extremely important in achieving asepsis are the reduction of time, trauma and trash . It may be possible to follow slightly different procedures for achieving asepsis when performing surgery on small patients such as rodents, birds, reptiles and amphibians.  Typically, surgical times are short, incisions are small and the amount of tissue trauma is minimal.  These all minimize the risk of infection.

Preparation: Surgeon, Patient, Instruments and Supplies

Post-procedural Care

provided by RAR . Post-procedural care for other animals such as small animals, nonhuman primates and in some circumstances, sheep, may be provided by the investigator under RAR supervision, or by RAR if arranged.

Projects outside of the core Minneapolis facilities must make arrangements to either have RAR provide post-op care service if practical or do the care themselves under guidance and oversight from RAR. In either case, the principal investigator should budget accordingly when planning the project. Post-operative care is not included in routine husbandry procedures or the per diem fees.

Post-procedural care includes the following:

1. Monitoring anesthetic recovery
  • Someone must be present with any animal recovering from anesthesia until that animal is able to hold itself in a sternal position (on its chest, able to hold its head up). This includes rodents and rabbits
  • Endotracheal tubes should be kept in place as long as possible; they must be removed when the animal begins to chew or swallow
  • Ability of animal to maintain normal physiology such as body temperature and fluid balance should be assessed.

 

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