Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Following the initial ictus, the intraparenchymal hematoma immediately triggers a series of events leading to secondary brain injury and severe neurologi ...
The aim is to outline how experimental intracerebral hematoma and perihematomal edema can be imaged. For postmortem investigation of the clot, morphometric analysis, spectrophotometry, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used. The edema in sacrificed animals is determined by ...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a structural and functional barrier which limits the free passage of ions and large molecules between the blood and brain. BBB functions are often impaired in neurological disorders, more often in vascular-related injuries, stroke, intracerebral, and su ...
A number of methods have been used to assess global cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). During global ischemia, vascular perfusion is reduced and brain cells are hypoxic. This chapter describes two techniques of assessing global ischemia after SAH. The first explai ...
The term spreading depolarization (SD) describes a wave of profound cellular depolarization in the brain’s gray matter. The hallmark of SD is the breakdown of ion homeostasis. Among the ionic changes, the net influx of calcium into neurons is of importance since it is assumed to induce the cascades ...
Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) shows a multiphasic evolution with a global ischemic insult at the time of the initial hemorrhage, complications of early surgical or endovascular aneurism treatment thereafter, followed by a time period with a high risk for secondary f ...
Several clinical grading systems of aneurysmal subarachnoid exist and play a critical role in predicting outcome and grouping patients according to degree of injury to evaluate the efficacy of both surgical and medical interventions. Only one grading system is published for experim ...
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease, comprising 5% of all strokes and affecting 27,000 people in the USA annually. The acute changes in vascular physiology and morphology immediately following SAH are poorly understood, and likely contribute to e ...
There are numerous grading scales for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that are in use today. They attempt to subdivide patients into groups based on both clinical and radiographic findings. Some of the scales in common use include variables that account for the amount and location of hemorrha ...
Demyelination is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain–Barr� syndrome. To understand the mechanism of myelin degradation and monitor the outcome of remyelinating therapies, real-time visualization of myelin ch ...
Noninvasive neuroimaging provides the means to quantify various structural and physiological aspects of brain injury in intact animals. Different modalities are sensitive to lesion volume, metabolism, axonal connectivity, blood–brain barrier status, and hemorrhage. Mor ...
In order to model human neuropathological anxiety in rodents, a wide variety of behavioral testing paradigms in animal were developed. These animal experiments are used to screen novel compounds with anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity. In Section 1, we describe and discuss commonly used a ...
The behavioral tests described in this chapter provide a relatively comprehensive characterization of cognitive and/or sensorimotor deficits in various rodent models of human neuropathology. Sensorimotor coordination (and unilateral deficits), general activity lev ...
Assessments for cognitive dysfunction in animal models of experimental brain injury are deigned to replicate the sequelae of behavioral impairments associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in clinic. TBI in humans results in a myriad of functional deficits. However, cognitive d ...
The combination of molecular manipulation of gene expression and behavior endpoint phenotypic analysis has uncovered numerous novel gene functions and provided unprecedented opportunities for new drug development. To facilitate investigation of diverse behavioral pr ...
Gene expression profiling of mRNA in the brain and the peripheral blood, is increasingly important to validate diagnostic and prognostic signatures of disease and prediction of outcome, as well as support pharmacogenomic approaches to novel treatment strategies. Variation of gene ...
Assays for proteolytic activity are often used to confirm a functional role for enzymes involved with CNS pathobiology. In studies focused on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically those investigating the role of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), gelatin zymography is used to ass ...
In many neurobiological experiments, identifying the presence and/or quantitative change of specific proteins as well as their associating partners will contribute to the understanding of their chronological and physiological functions in the brain. Methods such as Western b ...
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke alters microRNA (miRNA) expression in animals and patients. The recent discovery of miRNAs as key regulators of gene function has introduced a new level and mechanism of gene regulation, with estimates that greater than one-third of all human genes may be regu ...
Brain ischemia and injuries often cause alterations in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, which underlies impaired brain functions, such as learning and memory deficit and epilepsy. Field potential recording (FPR) and whole-cell patch clamp recording are electrophysio ...
