Somite Unit Chronometry to Analyze Teratogen Phase Specificity in the Paraxial Mesoderm

Phase specificity, the temporal and tissue restriction of teratogen-induced defects during embryonic �development, is a poorly understood but common property of teratogens, an important source of human birth defects. Somite counting and somite units are novel chronometric tools used here to identify stages of paraxial mesoderm development that are sensitive to pulse-chase exposure (2 to >16 h) to 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In all cases, it was the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) that was sensitive to BrdU induced segmentation anomalies. At high concentration (1.0 � 10⁻² M BrdU), PSM presegment stages ss-IV and earlier were irreversibly inhibited from completing segmentation. At low concentration (2.6 � 10⁻⁶ M), BrdU induced periodic focal defects that predominantly trace back to PSM presegments between ss-V and ss-IX. Phase specificity is characteristic of both types of segmentation anomalies. Focal segmentation defects are phase-specific because they result from disruption of 2–3 presegments in the PSM while adjacent �rostral and caudal presegments are (apparently) unaffected. Irreversible inhibition of segmentation is also phase-specific because only PSM presegments ss-IV or earlier were affected while older segments (ss-III to ss-I) were able to complete segmentation. The presegments predominantly affected have not yet passed the determination front, the point at which the segmentation clock establishes somite rostro-caudal �polarity. Somite unit chronometry provides a means to identify specific PSM presegment stages that are susceptible to induced segmentation defects and the biological processes that underlie that vulnerability.