Total DNA restriction pattern analysis is one of the techniques commonly used to identify and group bacteria (1–11). This technique can be used to separate species belonging to the same genus (12,13) or to distinguish highly similar bacterial strains within the same species or subspecies (14– ...

The development of a radioimmunological method (radioimmunoassay, RIA) for the determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in human body fluids such as blood serum and urine is described. It comprises three major parts. The first part deals with the generati ...

This chapter presents a high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical procedure suitable for processing and analyzing simultaneously multiple urine samples. The method presented here is addressed to assess the level of exposure of the population to certain organochlorine ...

A multiresidue method based on extraction with organic solvents, cleanup by preparative liquid chromatography, and detection by gas chromatography (GC) using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) mode is described for the determination of α- and β-endosulfan and three main metabolites ...

In this chapter, two analytical methods are presented suitable for the determination of pyrethroids in blood plasma and pyrethroid/pyrethrin metabolites in urine. As pyrethroids such as cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and bioallethrin are metabolized ...

We propose a sensitive and accurate analytical method for quantifying 29 current-use pesticides in human serum or plasma. These pesticides include organophosphates, carbamates, chloroacetanilides, and synthetic pyrethroids, pesticides used in both agricultural and resi ...

A simple, rapid, sensitive procedure based on solid-phase disk extraction (SPDE) is described for the isolation and concentration of trace levels of selected organochlorine pesticides from human body fluids (serum, cord blood, milk, follicular and seminal fluid). Similar methodol ...

Many epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine if any relation exists between pesticide exposure and disease. Biological monitoring is a useful tool for establishing the presence and magnitude of exposures, which are essential parts of the exposure → disease continu ...

A method for the determination or urinary ethylenethiourea (ETU), a major metabolite of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDTCs), is described. ETU is extracted from human urine, in the presence of ethylenethiourea-d4 as the internal standard, using dichloromethane. The residue is ...

Two methods for the quantitative analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in urine are reported. Hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and internal standards (2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 4-chlorophenoxy ...

A method for the determination of triazines (simazine, atrazine) and their metabolite 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (LC-MS/ESI) in human urine is described. The method outlines the sample pre ...

Gas chromatographic (GC) and liquid chromatographic (LC)-mass spectrometric (MS) methods have been described to analyze pentachlorophenol and other chlorinated phenols in biological samples. After addition of internal standard (ISTD), the samples are hydrolyzed with sulf ...

Occupational exposure to pesticides may occur not only during the actual application to crops and enclosed spaces, but also after the actual application when the crops are handled (e.g., harvesting) or when treated spaces are reentered. This postapplication (reentry) exposure may occur ...

An analytical method for the determination of commonly used insecticides and acaricides (pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorine pesticides) in indoor air is described. Air samples are collected with a sampling train consisting of a glass fiber filter (GFF) a ...

Techniques to estimate bystander exposure are described. Passive sample media such as filter paper are used to collect spray drift. Air-sampling devices are used to determine the airborne concentration of pesticides. The use of a mannequin or volunteer dressed in a disposable coverall st ...

There is an increasing concern in pesticide residue analysis laboratories to ensure the quality of their analytical results. Internal quality control (IQC) measures are an essential element to ensure reliable results because they allow both the continuous monitoring of the process a ...

This chapter describes the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for the analysis of two potential environmental contaminants in food sample media: atrazine and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (3,5,6-TCP). Two different immunoassay formats are employed: a magn ...

This chapter describes a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for the determination of pesticides in foods and potentially other matrices. The method, known as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticide residues involves the extraction of the sample ...

The method presented is applicable to the determination of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residues in vegetable oils. The method performs in a single step an on-column extraction and cleanup of OP pesticide residues by means of a system of three cartridges. A solution of 1 g oil in n-hexane is load ...

A method for determining pesticide residues in vegetables by low-pressure gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC-MS/MS) is proposed after a fast and simple extraction of the vegetable with dichloromethane and without cleanup steps. The technique reduces the total time ...