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Synthesis of a 2‐Selenothymidine Phosphoramidite and Its Incorporation into Oligodeoxyribonucleotides

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  • Abstract
  • Table of Contents
  • Materials
  • Figures
  • Literature Cited

Abstract

 

The detailed synthetic protocol for a 2?selenothymidine phosphoramidite and its use in preparing Se?derivatized oligonucleotides are described here. The Se?modified phosphoramidite synthesis was achieved by activating a 2?thiothymidine derivative, followed by introduction of selenium functionality. The coupling reaction yield of the 2?selenothymidine phosphoramidite during solid?phase synthesis is high (>95%), and the oligonucleotides containing the 2?selenothymidine derivatization are stable. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 42:1.23.1?1.23.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Keywords: nucleic acid; selenium; derivatization; base pairing; X?ray crystallography

     
 
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Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of the 2‐Selenothymidine Phosphoramidite
  • Support Protocol 1: Synthesis of Iodopropionitrile
  • Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Oligonucleotides Containing 2‐Selenothymidine
  • Commentary
  • Literature Cited
  • Figures
  • Tables
     
 
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Materials

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of the 2‐Selenothymidine Phosphoramidite

  Materials
  • 4,4′‐Dimethoxytrityl chloride
  • 2‐Thiothymidine ( S.1 ; ChemGenes, 99.5% pure)
  • 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, Aldrich, purity >99%)
  • Pyridine (Aldrich, anhydrous, purity >99%)
  • Argon
  • Ethyl acetate (EtOAc)
  • Methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CH 2 Cl 2 ; Fluka, purity >99.5%)
  • Methanol (MeOH)
  • MgSO 4 (anhydrous)
  • Silica gel (porosity, 60 Å; particle size, 40 to 63 µm; 230 × 400 mesh)
  • N , N ‐Dimethylformamide (DMF; Aldrich, anhydrous, 99% pure)
  • Iodomethane (CH 3 I; Aldrich, 99% pure)
  • 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU; Aldrich, 98% pure)
  • Chloroform (CHCl 3 )
  • Selenium (Se; Fluka, 95% pure)
  • Sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ; Aldrich, 98% pure)
  • Ethanol (absolute)
  • NaCl, aqueous, saturated
  • Iodopropionitrile (ICH 2 CH 2 CN; protocol 2 )
  • N,N ‐Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA; Aldrich, 99% pure)
  • 2‐Cyanoethyl N ,N ‐diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite (ChemGenes Corporation)
  • Pentane
  • 25‐, 50‐, and 100‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Vacuum oil pump
  • 1‐ and 5‐mL syringes
  • Rubber septum
  • Rotary evaporator
  • Separatory funnels
  • 22 × 457–mm silica gel chromatography columns
  • Stir bar
  • 100‐mL beakers
  • Additional reagents and equipment for performing thin‐layer chromatography ( appendix 3D ) and column chromatography ( appendix 3E )

Support Protocol 1: Synthesis of Iodopropionitrile

  Materials
  • Potassium iodide (Aldrich, 95%)
  • Acetone
  • Argon
  • 3‐Bromopropionitrile (Aldrich, 99%)
  • Ethyl acetate (EtOAc)
  • MgSO 4 , anhydrous
  • 100‐mL round‐bottom flasks
  • Stir bar
  • Condenser
  • Heating plate
  • Separatory funnel
  • Rotary evaporator

Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis, Purification, and Characterization of Oligonucleotides Containing 2‐Selenothymidine

  Materials
  • 2‐Selenothymidine phosphoramidite ( S.6 ; protocol 1 )
  • Acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), anhydrous
  • Ultra‐mild phosphoramidites: Pac‐dA‐CE, iPr‐Pac‐dG‐CE, Ac‐dC‐CE, dT‐CE (Glen Research; abbreviations: Ac, acetyl; CE, cyanoethyl; iPr, isopropyl; Pac, phenoxyacetyl)
  • 50 M K 2 CO 3 in methanol
  • 2 M triethylammonium acetate (TEAA) buffer, pH 7.0
  • Acetonitrile (CH 3 CN), HPLC grade
  • 30% (v/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA), aqueous
  • Argon
  • 3‐Hydroxypicolinic acid (3‐HPA)
  • Diammonium citrate
  • NaCl
  • NaH 2 PO 4
  • Na 2 HPO 4
  • EDTA
  • MgCl 2
  • ABI3400 DNA/RNA synthesizer
  • Screw‐cap tubes or vials
  • 13‐mm syringe filter with 0.2‐µm nylon membrane (Life Sciences)
  • RP‐HPLC column: 21.2 × 250–mm Zorbax RX‐C8 (Agilent Technology) or 21 × 250–mm XB‐C18 (Welch Materials; http://www.instrument.com)
  • HPLC system with detector at 260 nm
  • Lyophilizer
  • Microcentrifuge tubes
  • Microcentrifuge
  • UV spectrophotometer
  • Additional reagents and equipment for automated oligonucleotide synthesis ( appendix 3C ), MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry (unit 10.1 ), and determination of UV melting curves (unit 7.3 )
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Figures

  •   Figure 1.23.1 Synthetic scheme of the 2‐selenothymidine phosphoramidite (S.6 ) and the Se‐DNAs (S.7 ).
    View Image
  •   Figure 1.23.2 MALDI‐TOF mass spectrum of 2Se‐T 9‐mer (5′‐ATGGSeTGCTC‐3′); C88 H104 N32 O53 P8 Se, calculated: 2794.8, observed: 2794.2.
    View Image
  •   Figure 1.23.3 UV melting curves. (A ) Duplex of native DNAs 5′‐CTTCTTGTCCG‐3′ and 5′‐CGGACAAGAAG‐3′ ( T m = 42.6°C). (B ) Duplex of Se‐DNA 5′‐CTTCTTSe GTCCG‐3′ and native DNA 5′‐CGGACAACAAC‐3′ ( T m = 42.2°C).
    View Image

Videos

Literature Cited

Literature Cited
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   Cate, J.H., Gooding, A.R., Podell, E., Zhou, K., Golden, B.L., Kundrot, C.E., Cech, T.R., and Doudna, J.A. 1996. Crystal structure of group I ribozyme domain: Principles of RNA packing. Science 273:1678‐1685.
   Caton‐Williams, J. and Huang, Z. 2008. Synthesis and DNA‐polymerase incorporation of colored 4‐selenothymidine triphosphate for polymerase recognition and DNA visualization. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 47:1723‐1725.
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   Sheng, J., Jiang, J., Salon, J., and Huang, Z. 2007. Synthesis of a 2′‐Se‐thymidine phosphoramidite and its incorporation into oligonucleotides for crystal structure study. Org. Lett. 9:749‐752.
   Sheng, J., Salon, J., Gan, J.‐H., and Huang, Z. 2010. Synthesis and crystal structure study of 2′‐Se‐adenosine‐derivatized DNA. Sci. China, Ser. B: Chem. 53:78.
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