Ultrastructural Analysis of BacteriaHost Cell Interactions

Electron microscopy of bacterial pathogens and interactions between bacteria and host cells and tissues provides valuable insights into structural and molecular properties and processes involved in pathogenesis. Applications for electron microscopy in bacterial pathogenesis range from discovering etiologic agents and following chronological events during infections by conventional examination of clinical samples to assessing molecular host–cell responses to infection and in situ interactions between receptors and ligands using specific immune-labeling techniques. This chapter focuses on techniques for preparing samples of bacteria and host cells for conventional transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and use of luminescent nanocrystals or “quantum dots” as specific probes for correlative light and electron microscopy. Conventional TEM and SEM are well established tools for high resolution examination of structural effects and chronological events associated with bacterial infections. The recent development of quantum dots as physiological and immunological probes in biology has provided a powerful technique for bridging fluorescent analyses of fixed and live material with preparation and examination by TEM and SEM.