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当直流电施加于神经时，神经上表现出的作用并不象一条金属导线那样，直接将电流依最短的途径从阳极输送到阴极。而是一方面，电流经膜外的介质从阳极流向阴极；另一方面，电流在阳极由膜外流入膜内，在膜内，电流从阳极流向阴极，然后，再在阴极从膜内流向膜外。而且，不仅从电极底下的一点的膜上流动，而且还扩散到电极附近一定的区域范围内流动。电流的流动就会导致膜电位的改变。这种膜电位的变化总称电紧张电位。在阳极底下及其附近引起膜电位上升，即产生超极化。此种电位变化叫做阳极电紧张电位；在阴极下面及其附近引起膜电位下降，即产生去极化，其电位变化叫做阴极电紧张电位。
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