Nanobiosensors for In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Biomolecules

This chapter presents as a proof of concept the development of a nanosensor based on the localized surface plasmon resonance for the analysis of biomolecules. The method presented take advantage of the plasmon generated in the surrounding of gold nanoparticles (i.e., 100 nm) for the specific interaction between antigen and antibody. The procedure for the optimization of an assay for the determination of biomolecules consisted mainly of four steps. First, the immobilization of gold nanoparticles over the glass surface using the appropriate ratio, concentration and time-contact of amino-sylilating agent, and nonreactive sylilating agent. Next, the suitable concentration of coating antigen in order to obtain the maximum signal LSPR. Following this step, the interaction between antigen and antibody (specific antibody) is evaluated by measuring the signal LSPR. Finally, a calibration curve was obtained for the detection of a small organic molecule such as stanozolol using this nanobiosensor. As a proof of concept, the use of a model is performed that in this case is for the detection of an anabolic androgenic steroid, such as stanozolol which is banned for the European Commission (EC) as a growth promoter and for the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as a doping agent. The nanosensor developed demonstrates its feasibility for screening purposes due to the limit of detection achieved (0.7 μg/L) is under the MRPL required for both organizations (10 μg/L). A protocol such as that presented here may be generally applied for the analysis of other pollutant such as pesticides or antibiotics, or for biomedical applications for the analysis of biomarkers using the LSPR principle using gold nanoparticles (i.e., 30–120 nm).